eSignature legality summary
The Law gives electronic records and signatures legal effect and makes them admissible in evidence, and a transaction is not denied validity merely because it is electronic. It distinguishes an ordinary electronic signature from a “protected” electronic signature that meets cumulative technical conditions; a protected signature is treated as equivalent to a handwritten signature, while the authenticity of an ordinary signature may need to be proven if challenged.
Types of permitted electronic signature
An electronic signature is electronic data that identifies and distinguishes the signatory. A “protected” electronic signature additionally must identify the signatory, be exclusively linked to and under their sole control, be created using a secure tool, and reveal any later alteration — giving it the strongest evidentiary weight.
Documents that may be signed electronically
Commonly signed electronically: commercial and service agreements, NDAs, employment paperwork, leases, and administrative transactions where no special statutory form is required.
Use with caution / not typically appropriate
For high-value or regulated matters, a protected (certificate-backed) signature gives the strongest footing. Where a law mandates a written document, notarization, or a particular form, follow that method.
- Personal-status matters (marriage, divorce, guardianship, inheritance)
- Wills and endowments
- Real-property title deeds and documents creating or transferring property rights
- Negotiable instruments (bills of exchange, promissory notes)
- Documents that law requires in a specific written or formal form
Seminal court cases
None reported.
Primary sources
Disclaimer: This guide is general information, not legal advice, and is not a guarantee that any signature will be enforceable for a particular document, transaction, or jurisdiction. E-signature and data-protection laws change frequently. Confirm the requirements for your specific document and parties, and consult a licensed lawyer in the relevant country before relying on electronic signing.
Last reviewed: June 15, 2026